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duties.  At first peasants fought  in a peaceful
                              manner  (they  laid  complaints).  Later  they
                              took  arms,  killed  landlords  and  organized
                              self-governance.  Because  of  a  complicated
                              situation  (French  bourgeois  revolution,  the
                              war with Turkey), the tsar government did not
                              use  force  immediately.  In  1793  troops  were
                              brought  in.  They  dealt  with  the  rebels
                              severely.  Most  of  them  were  subjected  to
                              tortures and exiled to  Siberia with the brand
                              ‘thief’ on their foreheads. The rest of people
                              were  moved  to  Taurida,  the  village  was
                              ruined.
            1794              Odesa  emerged  on  the  spot  of  the  former
                              Khodgybei  fortress.  It  became  the  trading
                              centre of the whole Southern Ukraine.
            1801              The  decree  of  tsar  Oleksandr    І,  which
                              granted  merchants,  lower  middle  class
                              citizens  and  state  peasants  the  right  to  buy
                              land  free  of  serfs.  It  accelerated  bourgeois
                              development of agriculture.
            1801              By decree it was forbidden to build churches
                              of  ‘Little  Russia  style’.  Verteps  (kolyadkas
                              and  schedrivkas  (Christmas  carols)  were
                              forbidden  as  survivals  of  paganism.  Carved
                              sculptures in churches and icons in Ukrainian
                              style, Mother of God in Crown in particular.
                              It was not allowed using books published by
                              Kyiv Pechersk Lavra at religious services. All
                              books  were  substituted  with  the  books  of
                              Moscow synod.
            1803              The tsar’s decree about “free ploughmen”. It
                              stipulated the possibility of serfdom liberation



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