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disapproved of foreign enslavers and praised
heroic fight for freedom It aroused love for
native land, raised national conscience people
of western Ukraine. Only 200 copies of the
almanac came to readers, the rest of them
were confiscated. The members of “Russian
Triad” were persecuted by temporal church
power. The society broke up.
1843-1844 The uprising of Bukovyna peasants headed
by Lukyan Kobylytsya. People of 22
Bukovyna villages under the command of L.
Kobylytsya seized forests and pastures,
refused to serve duties, drove out officials and
proclaimed self-government. Military forces
opposed peasants. A few hundreds of them
were arrested and punished.
1844 The opening of technical academy in Lviv.
1846 Peasant uprisings in Halychyna. The Polish
nobility tried to uprise against Austria and
counted on the support of Halychyna
peasants. They promised to free them from
serfdom duties for that. But peasants fought
the nobility instead. They plundered estates,
destroyed documents about duties, conducted
acts of violence against landlords. These
events became known as ‘masurian
massacre”. The Austrian government sent out
punitive military groups to more than 100 of
villages.
March The bourgeois-democratic revolution in the
1848 Austrian Empire. Emperor Ferdynand I
proclaimed the constitution, which established
democratic freedoms (freedom of speech,

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