Page 28 - Міністерство освіти і науки України

e.g. “The flight will be boarding at Gate 17 in about fifteen minutes,” the girl
added with a smile.
„Приблизно за п`ятнадцять хвилин на цей рейс буде посадка біля
виходу номер 17”, - посміхаючись, додала дівчина.
4. Replacement – is any change in the target text at the morphological, lexical and
syntactic levels of the language when the elements of certain source paradigm are
replaced by different elements of target paradigms.
Paradigm denotes a set of objects at each language level grouped according to their
meaning or function. So, we can speak of the lexico-semantic paradigm of colours,
seasons, of the syntactic paradigm of рredicates and so on. In the process of translation
a translator often has to change the paradigm. For example, English plural form
paradigm of such words as oats and onions is changed into Ukrainian singular form
paradigm oвес і цибуля.
Thus, replacement is a universal and widely used translation device. The
following basic types of replacements are observed in English-Ukrainian
translation:
a) Replacement of Noun Number and Verb Tense and Voice Paradigms;
b) Replacement of Parts of Speech;
c) Replacement of a negative statement by an affirmative one (which is
called antonymous translation)
Replacement of all kinds are so common in English-Ukrainian translation that
even a beginner is sure to use this device more than once.
5. Addition – is a device intended for the compensation of structural elements
implicitly present in the source text or paradigm forms missing in the target language.
Additions become necessary either in order to express more clearly the content or for
the sake of achieving some stylistic effect. Additions in translation from English into
Ukrainian stem from the differences in the syntactic and semantic structure of these
languages. In English, being an analytical language the syntactic and semantic relations
are often implicitly expressed through order of syntactic elemets in context enviroment
whereas in predominantly synthetic Ukrainian these relations are explicit (expressed in
relevant words). When translating a translator is to visualize the implicit objects and
relations through additions. For example, asyndetic noun clusters are especially rich in
“hidden” syntactic and semantic information to be vizualized by addition in translation.
e.g. Green Party federal election money.
Гроші Партії зелених, призначені на вибори на федеральному рівні.
One more, very simple example:
She is twenty – Їй двадцять років.
6. Omission – is reduction of the elements of the source text considered redundant
from the viewpoint of the target language structural patterns and stylistic.
Thus, omitted are auxiliary verbs, determining articles or pronouns.
e.g. He has his hands in his pockets – Він тримає руки в кишенях.

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