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level. Thus, the sentence He learns many new words every week can
be subdivided into the following constituent word-groups: 1) He
learns (predicative word-group); 2) many new words (attributive
word-group); 3) every week (adverbial word-group). At word-group
level a further splitting is observed: He/learns; many/new//words;
every/week. The Ukrainian equivalent of this sentence has the types
of word-groups with the identical division into ICs: 1) Він/вивчає;
2) багато/ нових// слів; 3) кожного/тижня.
The transformational method is more often employed than
the ICs method. The American linguist Noam Chomsky within the
generative grammar introduced the notion of transformation. Many
scholars dealing with the contrastive linguistics research employed
the notions of deep and surface structure since the statement that
different languages can have the same deep structure allowed them
to contrast language units with different surface structure. Thus,
transformation may reveal the difference in the form of expression
in the contrasted languages. Compare: Вас запрошують взяти
участь у науковій конференції (an indefinite sentence, active
voice), which has for its equivalent in English You are invited to
take part in the scientific conference (i. e. a definite personal
sentence with a passive voice verbal predicate). Transformation
may often be required by the peculiarity of the syntactic structure of
the source language (or the target language) unit. Compare: The
lesson is over, all students went to the reading hall. can be rendered
into Ukrainian with the help of employing predicative word-groups
Після того, як заняття закінчилися (Оскільки заняття
закінчилися…) or with the help of the prepositional noun phrase,
expressing time Після закінчення занять студенти пішли…The
nominative absolute participial construction The lesson over (i.e.
being or having being over) has to be substituted i.e. transformed
into an adverbial clause of time or cause (Після того, як заняття
закінчилися/ Оскільки заняття закінчилися, всі студенти пішли
до читальні).

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