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the basis of the existing living languages but also on the basis of
dead languages like Sanskrit, ancient Greek or Latin.
Special Typology, in contrast universal typology, usually
investigates concrete languages, one of which is, as a rule, the
native tongue. The language in which the description of
isomorphic and allomorphic features is performed is usually
referred to as meta-language is English.
General Typology has for its object of investigation the
most general phonetic, morphological, lexical, syntactic or
stylistic features. At the same time the partial typology
investigates a restricted number of language features, for
example, the system or syntactic level units.
Contrastive Typology as a branch of linguistics employs
some terms and notions of its own. The principle and the most
frequently occurring are the following ones:
Absolute Universals (абсолютні або повні універсалії)
i.e. features or phenomena of a language level pertaining to any
language of the world, e.g. vowels and consonants, word stress and
utterance stress, intonation, sentences, part of the sentence4, parts of
speech, etc.
Near Universals (неповні або часткові універсалії) i.e.
features or phenomena common in many or some languages under
typological investigation.
Areal Typology (ареальна) investigates common and
divergent features in languages of a particular geographical area.
Structural Typology investigates the means of grammatical
expression, the order of constituent part at the level of words, word-
combinations and sentences.
Functional Typology studies the frequency of language
units in speech, the regularities and particularities of their use with
aim of expressing different meanings.
Content Typology studies the types of possible meanings
expressed by various language units and their forms in the
contrasted languages.

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