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плані змісту), according to the expression means (у плані
вираження), and according to the type of functioning (у плані
функціонування).
According to the content (grammatical meanings,
categories) languages can have the following differences:
1) one language can have a certain grammatical category
which is absent in another language. For example, in English,
French, German, Rumanian and Swedish Languages there is the
category of determination (категорія означеності), whereas all
Slavonic languages, except Bulgarian and Macedonian, do not
posses it;
2) a grammatical category exists in certain two or more
languages but not coincide according to the content and shades of
meaning, or according to its subtypes. For example, the category
of gender is present in Ukrainian and French languages, but the
Ukrainian language has three genders (masculine, feminine and
neuter genders), whereas the French language has only two
genders (masculine and feminine genders); the categories of tense
and mood are present both in Ukrainian and English, but the
number of tense forms and moods is different. The type of
divergence (тип розбіжності), when one type categories have a
different amount of content in both contrasted languages, is the
most widespread one.
According to the expression means ways of divergence
can concern the correlation between the synthetic and analytical
means of expression. Nevertheless one should not confuse the
synthetic and analytical means of expression of a language with
the synthetic or analytical language structure. There are no
languages characterized purely either by synthetic or analytical
means of expression. One can speak about the type of a language
only taking into account the level of the language structure. For
example, both Ukrainian and German languages have two major
types of the word change – the synthetic one (by means of
external and internal flexions) and the analytical (by means of

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