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contrastive analysis, in turn, searches, first of all, for the
differences. This method can be applied to any languages
irrespective of their genealogical, typological or areal origin for the
analysis of the correlation of their structural elements and structure
all together mainly on the synchronic level of analysis taking into
consideration all factors of their interaction, interpenetration and
mutual influence on all language levels.
Depending on the direction of analysis, according to R.
Shternemann, there can be distinguished one-sided and two-sided
(many-sided) contrastive analysis (односторонній та
двосторонній зіставний аналіз).
According to the one-side approach the initial point of
research is one of contrasted languages. Cross-cultural comparison
is carried out in the direction “the initial language / or the source
language – the target language” (вихідна мова – цільова мова).
The source language performs the role of the system of correlated
notions for the target language description. First of all, the structure
of the meaning of a certain unit in a source language is determined,
that is the semasiological analysis is carried out, later on this unit is
projected on the amount of the meanings of the target language. For
example, German wenn – English 1) when (temporal meaning) and
2) if, in case (conditional meaning).
The one-side approach is very similar to the way of two-
language or bilingual dictionaries compiling: for the word of the
source language is accomplished with the equivalents correlative
units of the target language. The results of the one-sided analysis
are not reversible (результати одностороннього аналізу не є
оборотними).
According to the two-sided (or many-sided) approach the
basis for comparison is the “third member” (tertium comparationis)
– a certain extra-linguistic notion, a phenomenon which does not
belong to any of contrasted languages, but is deductively formed a
meta-language; and the ways by which it is expressed in contrasted
languages are researched.

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