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For example, if the researcher is interested in the way the
future action is expressed in English and in Ukrainian, he/she will
find out that in Ukrainian there is only one future tense “майбутній
час” where is in English we have 4 future tenses (Future Simple,
Future Continuous, Future Perfect and Future Perfect Continuous)
and besides two present tenses (Present Simple and Present
Continuous) also have the ability to express a certain future
meaning. Therefore, the two-sided approach gives the possibility to
give a thorough description of a researched phenomenon.
Among other methods the indexes methods has recently
been suggested as well by the American linguist Joseph Greenberg.
The method helps to identify the quantitative co-occurrence or
frequency of some feature or phenomenon in the contrasted
languages. J. Greenberg selected some passages, among them one
English and one Russian, each containing one hundred notional
words and subjected them to various typologically relevant systems.

4. The principle terms and notions, used in contrastive
grammar (CG)

Contrastive studies employ some terms and notions of its
own:
Isomorphic features/ phenomena (ізоморфні риси/ явища)
are common features/phenomena in languages under contrastive
analysis. Isomorphic in English and Ukrainian is, for example, the
existence of consonants and vowels, assimilation, and the
categories of number, person, tense, as well as parts of speech, the
existence of sentences, etc.
Allomorphic features/ phenomena (аломорфні риси/
явища) are observed in one language and missing in the other. For
example: palatalization of practically all consonants or the dual
number in Ukrainian, the gerund or the diphthongs and analytical
verb in English, which are missing (allomorphic) in Ukrainian.

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