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2. Formally all tax payers older than 25 could
participate in the election of town council
members publicly. They were divided into 3
curias according to the tax sum paid. Each
curia paid one-third of taxed and elected
overts at their meeting. It ensure the
advantage of rich social strata in the town
council.
3. The town council elected a mayor and an
executive board at their meeting. They acted
as municipal government authorities on a
constant basis.
4. Town boards and councils dealt with
economic matters, secured public welfare,
town trade and industry, public utilities,
schools, hospitals and transport. Their
activities were totally subject to the governor
and the Minister of Internal Affairs.
1870 Foundation of “The Old Community”
(Hromada), which became the second stage
of community movement. V. Antonovych
headed “The Old Community” in Kyiv with
support of M. Dragomanov and O. Rusov. It
united Ukrainian intellectual elite of that time,
who kept away from all political activity, but
preferred cultural and educational actions. In
1873 the members managed to open South-
Western Department of Russian
Geographical Society in Kyiv (existed up to
1876). The department investigated history,
geography, economics, statistics and folklore
of Ukraine. They published 2 volumes of
“Notes”. In 1874 they organized the third All-

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