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cultural matters on the territory of the district
and province:
- found schools;
- organized hospitals;
- took care of roads and trade;
- solved social problems, shelters in
particular, etc.
4. The control of zemstvo activities was laid
on the governor and the Minister of Internal
Affairs, who had the right to veto any
zemstvo resolution. In the right-bank Ukraine
zemstva were introduced in 1911 because of
the Polish nobility uprising.
1864 Judicial reform.
1. Instead of the class court, the declassed
court was introduced, independent on
administration and officials. Each class had its
own court before the reform.
2. Instead of the closed the open, so-called
“publicly heard” was introduced, where the
law proceedings took place in public, in an
open way.
3. Two parts participated in the law
proceedings – the accused and the prosecutor
(public prosecutor). The participation of the
lawyer was introduced for the first time. The
legal proceedings took place on competitive
principles.
4. Guiltiness or guiltlessness of the accused
was determined by the jury – representatives
assigned by lot out of rich citizens as they had
to present their property qualification.
The judicial reform was the most consecutive

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