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suppressed the uprising.
July The Valuev Circular forbidding the
1863 Ukrainian language. The Minister of Internal
Affairs of Russia P. Valuev issued a decree,
according to which:
1. it was strictly forbidden to publish books
“for schools and primary reading” in
Ukrainian;
2. it was forbidden to publish pedagogical,
church, science literature and textbooks in
Ukrainian;
3. teaching in Ukrainian was considered to be
a political propaganda, the people doing that
were accused of “separatist intentions, hostile
to Russia and destructive to Little Russia”.
It proclaimed that “there was no, is no and
cannot be any Ukrainian language”, but
there was a Little Russian “dialect’ of the
Russian language. It was allowed to write
only artistic works in a Little Russian
“dialect”.
1864 The zemstvo reform. Provincial and district
zemstvo councils (regulatory authorities) and
zemstvo boards (executive authorities) were
formed. In the left-bank Ukraine there were 6
provincial and 60 district zemstvo boards.
1. Zemstva were elective (zemstva members
were elected for 3 years).
2. Zemstva were formed as generally classed
(the classes, who owned land participated in it
– large landowners, clergy, lower middle
class citizens, peasants).
3. Zemstva were engaged in economic and

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