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д+ д- + H OH R OH + H Hal
R Hal ( H CN) R CN

( H NH ) R NH
2 2

Alcohols are organic compounds containing one or
more hydroxyl groups in the molecules -OH. Alcohols
exhibit acidic properties and react with active metals,
forming alkanolates. The group -OH can be completely
replaced by the interaction of alcohols with halogens, PCl 5,
PCl 3.
When heating alcohols in the presence of water-
removing compounds, either alkenes or ethers are formed.
With organic and oxygen-containing acids, alcohols form
esters. Primary alcohols are oxidized to aldehydes,
secondary to ketones, tertiary - very difficult to break the
carbon chain. The chemical properties of diatomic alcohols
are similar to those of monatomic saturated alcohols and are
determined by the presence of two groups -OH. Both one
and two groups of OH may participate in the reaction.
As a result of the mutual influence of hydroxyl
groups, especially in α-glycols (OH-groups are located near
adjacent carbon atoms), the acidic properties of glycols are
enhanced (glycols are readily reactive not only with active
metals, but also with alkalis and even with hydroxides of
heavy metals). Phenols are organic compounds containing
benzene (benzene) nuclei in which one or more hydrogen
atoms of the benzene ring are replaced by the -OH group.
Phenols react on the hydroxyl group and interact as aromatic
compounds.

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