Page 249 - 6421

may be in a contractor's employment relationship, for example, in
keeping things.
In civil liability, two or more persons may act on the part of a
creditor or a debtor. Depending on the distribution of rights and

obligations between the entities, the obligations with the plurality of
persons are distinguished by partial (unit), joint and additional
(subsidiary) obligations. Responsibility for breach of these obligations

is partial, solidary or subsidiary.
Solidarity obligations arise when they are stipulated by the
contract, established by law or other legal acts, with the
incommensurability of the subject of the obligation. If there is one

creditor and several debtors in such an obligation, the creditor is
entitled to demand execution both from all debtors together, and from
each of them individually, both in full and in part of the debt. Without

obtaining full satisfaction of their claims from one of the joint debtors,
the creditor may claim insufficient from the rest of the joint debtors.
All debtors remain obligated until the obligation is fully fulfilled.

As a general rule, civil law provides for the debtor's (contributor)
duty to pay damages to the creditor (victims) in full. Responsibility in
these cases is considered complete. Under certain types of obligations,

the law may establish a limited liability for non-fulfilment or improper
performance of obligations. The contract may be subject to the
imposition of a penalty without the right to compensation (alternative
penalty). And for the exclusive and alternative penalty, the debtor

liability for breach of the obligation is limited. The correlation
between the penalty and the damage may be taken into account by the
court and when it comes to reducing the size of the penalty by a court

decision. Thus, the amount of the penalty can be reduced by a court
decision, if it significantly exceeds the amount of damages, and in the
presence of other circumstances that are significant.
Civil liability is negative for the offender as a result of the

offense committed by him. The legal basis for such liability is the law,
and in fact the composition of the civil law offense. Responsibility
comes with the following conditions:

- illegal behaviour (actions or inactivity) of a person;
- the harmful result of such behaviour (harm);
- causal link between wrongful conduct and harm;

- guilty of the person who caused the damage.

249