Page 48 - 4806

into classes and subclasses in accordance with the features they
share and the relationships they have with one another. Several
types of relationships arise from the interaction among concepts,
processes, and their resulting states, which are also concepts. With
this in mind, we can initially identify four major conceptual
classes:
 objects or entities (car, airplane, helicopter, bit, top driver,
enterprise, chief executive)
 processes, operations, actions (well drilling, bleeding
(спуск рідини), to pack (ущільнювати))
 properties, states, qualities (liquid, solid, rapid)
 relationships (equivalent, subordinate, derived)
Each one of these classes of concepts is predominantly
expressed by a particular functional class.
objects or entities by nouns
processes, operations, actions by verbs, nominalizations of
verbs
properties, states, qualities by adjectives
relationships by adjectives, verbs, prepositions
From the standpoint of their linguistic origin, terms can be
created by means of applying the rules of the language itself
(derivation and conversion), or they can be borrowed from another
languages. Thus we distinguish:
1. Original terms: oil, marketing, computer
2. Borrowed (loan) terms
2.1. Loans of classical languages (Greek and Latin):
petroleum, ad valorem tax (відповідно до вартості) – showing
that a tax is calculated according to the value of the goods taxed.
Borrowings from Greek and Latin are numerous in many
languages, particularly in the Romance languages, but they are
also commonplace in languages like English, and they are
considered natural in these codes. As a result, they often go
unnoticed as borrowings, which is exactly the opposite of what
occurs with borrowings from present-day languages, even if the

47