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The adversative compound sentence

This type of sentence connection is rendered with the help
of conjunctions а, але, та (але), так, зате, проте, однак, все
ж and others in Ukrainian; but, while, whereas, or as well as with
the help of connective adverbs (сполучні прислівники) yet, still,
nevertheless, however, otherwise in English.
The main expression of such relations between sentences is
performed in English by the conjunction but. In Ukrainian it has
as its correspondence the conjunction але. Both these
conjunctions are used in the following main meanings:
1) the limiting meaning (обмежувальне значення), when
the idea expressed in the second part of the compound sentence
limits the possibility of happening of some event expressed by the
first part of the sentence, or altogether interrupts this action.
Compare: He said he would stay quiet in the hall, but he simply
couldn't any more (J. Galsworthy). Він міг би залишитися, але
йому не вистачало мужності;
2) the concessive meaning (допустове значення), when
in the second part of the sentence the expressed idea is opposite to
what is expected on the basis of mentioned in the first part ideas.
Compare: Twilight gave place to night, but he didn't turn on the
light (H. Wells). Стемніло, але він не засвітив лампи;
3) the relative meaning (відносне значення), when the
second part explains one of members of the first part or the whole
of it. Compare: Some people likened him to a direction post..., but
these were his enemies (Ch. Dickens). Противник кинувся до
апаратів, але вони мовчали.
In Ukrainian besides але there is also widely used the
adversative conjunction a. It has more shades of meaning than the
conjunction але, e.g.:
1) contrasting (протиставлення): І на оновленій землі
врага не буде, супостата, а буде син, і буде мати, і будуть
люди на землі (Т. Шевченко);

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