Page 18 - Міністерство освіти і науки України

It happens when the unit of the nationally specific lexicon is introduced in the target
language for the first time or when it is not yet known to the broad public of the target
language readers.
e.g. Downing street is guarded outside by a single policeman – Даунінг-стріт,
резиденцію прем`єр-міністра Великої Британії, охороняє один полісмен.
3. By Descriptive Explaining Only
e.g. Union Jack – прапор Великої Британії
prorogation – офіційне розпорядження монарха про відновлення/
закінчення сесії парламенту Великої Британії.
Such lengthy explanation may be given in a foot-note. And quite often an
explanation within the target language text may be sufficient enough too.
4. By translation of componental parts and additional explanation.
Two simultaneous performances are involved in this method. The first is a regular
translation of the main componental parts and the second, which follows it, is an
explanation of the specific national element.
e.g. bull`s eye – бичаче око (круглий великий різноколірний м`ятний
льодяник)
5. By ways of word-for-word translation
e.g. first reading – перше читання
secondary grammar school – середня граматична школа
6. By way of loan translation.
This method is employed to avoid the ruining of the national peculiarity of the
source language nationally specific units.
e.g. House of Commons – Палата громад but not будинок простих людей
Neither word-for-word nor loan translation can often provide an exhaustive
expression of all the details of meaning of the units in the source language.
7. Translating by means of semantic analogies.
Despite the differences in conditions under which the nation of the source
language and that of the target language lives there may be identical or similar notions
in both. Though far from all the analogies possess an absolute complexity of meanings.
Their complete meaning can naturally be understood only from a larger context.
e.g. the City Board of Education – міський відділ освіти
I`m sorry, gentlemen – перепрошую, панове

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