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both for language studies and research work. Compare: womanly
                            (used  in  a  complimentary  manner  about  girls  and  women)  –
                            womanish  (used  to  indicate  an  effeminate  man  and  certainly
                            implies criticism); starry (resembling stars) – starred (covered or
                            decorated with stars).
                                  There  are  a  few  roots  in  English  which  have  developed  a
                            great combining ability in the position of the second element of a
                            word and a very general meaning similar to that of an affix. These
                            are  semi-affixes  because  semantically,  functionally,  structurally
                            and  stylistically  they  behave  more  like  affixes  than  like  roots,
                            determining the lexical and grammatical class the word belongs to
                            (e.g. -man:  cameraman,  seaman;  -land:  Scotland,  motherland;  -
                            like:  ladylike,  flowerlike;  -worthy:  trustworthy,  praiseworthy;  -
                            proof: waterproof, bullet-proof, etc.)
                                  2.  According  to  their  position  affixational  morphemes  fall
                            into  suffixes  –  derivational  morphemes  following  the  root  and
                            forming a new derivative in a different part of speech or a different
                            word class (writer, rainy, magnify, etc.), infexes – affixes placed
                            within the word (e.g. adapt-a-tion, assimila-tion, sta-n-d etc.), and
                            prefixes  –  derivational  morphemes  that  precede  the  root  and
                            modify the meaning (e.g. decipher, illegal, unhappy, etc.)
                                  3.  From  structural  point  of  view  it  is  presupposed  that
                            morphemes fall into three types: free morphemes which can stand
                            alone  as  words  in  isolation  (e.g.  friendly,  friendship);  bound
                            morphemes  that  occur  only  as  word  constituents  (e.g.  resist,
                            deceive,  misinterpret,  etc.);  semi-bound  morphemes  which  can
                            function  both  as  affixes  and  as  free  morphemes  (compare,  e.g.
                            well-known, herself, after-thought and well, self, after).
                                  In modern English there are many morphemes of Greek and
                            Latin origin possessing a definite lexical meaning though not used
                            autonomously,     e.g.    tele-   “far”    (television),   -scope
                            “seeing”(microscope),    -graph    ‘writing”(typography).   Such
                            morphemes are called combining forms – bound linguistic forms
                            though in Greek and Latin they functioned as independent words.













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