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as owners, but achieves the principal aim. Charity and “good laws”
result in upbringing of a social person.
G.G. Russo (1721 – 1778) introduced the ideas of social morality

in his philosophy. Regarding social and political problems, criticizing
the basis of a society and law, science and civilization, Russo draws the
project of “natural” morality, rises the question of pedagogics. The

treatise “About social agreement or the principal of political right”,
which is offered for individual study by the students, required the
comparative characteristics with the well – known ideas of Christian
republic by Hobbs. Here should be mentioned the deistic position of

Russo, his statement for the necessity of God as an organizational
substance of a state.
Introducing to students the philosophic achievements of the epoch

of Enlightenment in Europe, it’s reasonable to continue the theme of
understanding the category “substance”, which was described in
previous doctrines. The main contribution concerning this question was
made by Dutch thinker B. Spinoza (1632-1677), German philosopher G.

Leibniz (1646-1716). In such works as “About God, human being and
his or her happiness” and “Ethics” Spinoza proves that substance
includes two attributes – extension and thinking and comes in the form

of nature or God. The substance isn’t created by anyone; it’s the reason
for itself. In Leibniz concept the central point is given to the doctrine on
the monads, immaterial “simple substances” (Monadology). Among

these “true atoms of nature”, “material elements” there are connections
according to the principles of harmony and thereby there is a
classification: monads of the lowest form, monads of soul and monads-

spirits. Leibniz studies are famous in the history of philosophy as studies
concerning the plurality of substances.
B. Spinoza makes in his ethical concept interesting statements
concerning the fact that the subordination of affectional states of a

human soul according to the laws of mind is a necessary ground for
solving difficult questions, first of all social ones. Spinoza claims that in
order to achieve common weal the concept “a human being is a God for

another human being” should be brought in life, in that sense that a
human being lives, driven by a mind. The students should pay attention
to the structure of the “Ethics”, as its terms begin each of five part of the
statement about a substance.

G. Leibniz is the author of inventions in different spheres of
science, who originally described his philosophy in the work
“Monadologia”. Leibniz draws the principle of development, evolution

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