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Lecture 4. EUROPEAN CLASSIC PHILOSOPHY OF THE NEW TIME
(EARLY MODERN PHILOSOPHY) AND PHILOSOPHY OF THE
ENLIGHTENMENT (XVII-XVIII centuries)

Lecture plan

1. Features of the development of the philosophy of modern times. The problem
of the scientific method.
2. Empirical-sensualist philosophy (F. Bacon, J. Locke). Subjective idealism (J.
Berkeley, D. Hume).
3. Philosophical rationalism (R. Descartes, B. Spinoza, G. Leibniz).

4. Philosophy of the Enlightenment (Voltaire, J.-J. Russo). French materialism
of the eighteenth century.
5. German classical philosophy as a special stage in the development of New
European philosophy. Ethics of I. Kant.

Mechanism as the main paradigm of the philosophy of modern times. Attention

to science, the problem of scientific method. Materialism. Social and cultural
prerequisites for the emergence of the philosophy of modern times.
Empiricism as a method of cognition. The doctrine of the "idol" by F. Bacon.
"Knowledge is power." J. Locke's Sensualism: "A man is a clear board."
Reason as the main source of knowledge in the philosophy of R. Descartes.
Deductive method. "I think, therefore - I exist." The doctrine of the substance of B.

Spinoza.
The main features of the philosophy of the Enlightenment. Materialism of the
French educators. Philosophical ideas of Voltaire.
Specificity of German classical philosophy: I. Kant, Hegel, J. Fichte, F.
Schelling, L. Feuerbach. Categorical imperative I.Kanta. The basic formulation of a
categorical imperative.

Lecture 5. PECULIARITIES OF DEVELOPMENT
NONCLASSICAL PHILOSOPHY XIX - ХХ century

Lecture plan

1. The main directions and features of modern philosophy of the nineteenth and
twentieth centuries.
2. The essence of positivism and the main stages of development.
3. Anthropological direction in philosophy (existentialism, Freudism,
neofreydizm, etc.).

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