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Directive Formula Types
Formula type Addressee Syntactic type Primary Surface SP Token
intent
1. Need/desire Subordinates Declara-tive Directive Expres- I want X
statement – S sentence action sive I need two
asserts more copies.
need/want
2. Imperatives
a. Simple Subordinates or Impera-tive Directive Direc-tive Leave me
imperative – S familiar equals; S action alone
commands an may have the right to
action of hearer tell H to do smth
b. “You” Subordinates Impera-tive Directive Direc-tive You get the
imperative action milk.
c. Deleted Subordinates or Coffee, black.
imperative familiar equals
d. Attention- Please
getters
e. Post-posed tags Familiar equals Take some of
these, will
you?
f. Rising intonation Familiar equals Give me a
copy?
3. Imbedded
imperatives
– command is
embedded in
another linguistic
frame
a. Can/ could/ Unfamiliar people; Interro-gative Directive Direc-tive 1.Would you
would you do? people who fiffer in action hand me that
rank or who are chart, please?
physically distant; 2.Can you
someone who is in move your bag
his/her own territory; over there?
someone whose 3.How about
willingness to comply bringing me a
is in doubt Pepsi when
you go to
lunch?
b. Imbedded Subordinates or Impera-tive Directive Direc-tive Let’s place an
imperative – familiar equals action order with
Let’s do them
4. Permission Someone who might Directive May I have X?
directive not comply; also action Can I have my
used when there is notes back?
an obstacle to
compliance
5. Question Is there any X?
directive – S Do you have
asks a Q, X?
indirectly
implyinh action
of H