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Grammar section

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
When the actual words of the speaker are reproduced, it is
called DIRECT speech.
Example: He said, “I am going to school.”
When the main idea of a speaker’s words is reported by
another person and the exact words are not quated, it is called
INDIRECT or REPORTED speech.
Example: He said he was going to school.

ADDITIONAL NOTES
While converting direct speech into indirect the following changes
occur:
1. Punctuation marks are “thrown away”. (“” ? !).
2. Connecting words like “that” and “if” may be used.
3. There is a change in TENSE.
4. Some PRONOUNS change.
5. Words of TIME change.
Transformation of TENSES
DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
Present Simple Past Simple
Present Continuous Past Continuous
Present Perfect Past Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
Past Simple Past Perfect
Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous

EXAMPLES: She said, “I have finished my homework.” – She
said that she had finished her homework.
Transformation of TIME and PLACE words

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