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plunger. The farmer’s wife pushed the plunger up and down to make butter from the cream.
This was called churning the butter.
Soon little lumps of butter appeared in the cream. The farmer’s wife put the lumps into
a big wooden bowl. She washed the lumps of butter with cold water.
Then she worked the butter so that it was smooth. When the butter was good and
smooth she shaped it into cakes. Sometimes the farmer’s wife made shapes in the top of
butter cakes. She could make a shape like a pumpkin or a flower.
Now the butter was ready to sell. The farmer and his wife put paper around the cakes
of butter and took them into town to sell.
churn – маслоробка, мішалка; lump – грудка
How butter is made today? You can use the information below if you need.
Cream Tank ages and sours the cream. Then cream is pumped into the continuous
churn. Continuous churn makes the cream into butter. Butter printing machine (Butter
Printer) shapes and wraps the butter. Butter is put into boxes and is shipped to the grocery
store.
2. Hot Dog
Most people know what a hot dog is. It’s a sausage in a roll. But do you know why it’s
called a hot dog? Well, the long red sausage which goes into a hot dog is called a
frankfurter; it got its name from the German town of Frankfurt. The sausages were very
popular in the 1900s but hot frankfurters were difficult to sell in crowds. One man, Harry
M.Stevens, had the job of feeding the crowds in baseball games. He had an idea! Why not
put the frankfurters in long hot bread rolls? This made them easy to sell and people to eat.
Stevens added mustard and called them red-hots.
The “red-hots” had a hot and spicy taste and became very popular. But, in 1903, an
American cartoonist drew a long German sausage dog in place of the frankfurter. They were
both long, and “German”, so a frankfurter in a roll soon became known as a “hotdog”. It
was a joke, but some people really thought the sausages contained dog meat! For a while,
sales of hot dogs fell but not for long!
roll – паляничка; frankfurter – сосиска; mustard – гірчиця
cartoonist – карикатурист; sausage dog – такса
1. What is a hot dog? 2. What was a long sausage called? 3. How did Harry M.Stevens
make frankfurters easy to sell? 4. How did “red hots” become “hot dogs”?
39. What do you know about good manners or simply manners, polite ways of
behaving. Do you automatically show respect and consideration for other people?
What are formal and informal manners? Do you agree with old sayings “Manners
make man”, “Good manners are as proof of a person’s worth”. Have you ever read
books on etiquette, polite behaviour or learnt how to behave in polite society.
Table Manners
Good manners are important at meal times, though people worry less about table
manners than they once did now that many meals are less formal. When eating at a table
with other people, it is considered polite to keep your napkin below the table on your lap, to
chew with your mouth closed and not talk with food in your mouth, to keep your elbows off
the table, and to eat fairly slowly. It is bad manners to take a lot of food all at once, or to
take more until it is offered. It is also better to ask somebody to pass the salt, etc. rather than
to reach across the table for it. People may be said to have no manners if they are rude or
behave without thought for others. For instance, somebody who picks their nose in front of
others, or belches or yawns without putting their hand in front of their mouth, or who speaks
rudely to somebody, will attract criticism. On the other hand, a person who is polite and
courteous, who is considerate towards other people, who says little about their own

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