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related to a central meridian and it does not retain the straight rhumb
line property of the Mercator projection.
The Gauss-Kruger projection is similar to the Transverse
Mercator projection except that there is only one meridian that touches

the cylinder from the globe. In this case, the scale factor = 1 on the
touching meridian - the central meridian.
European conical projections use two standard parallels. The

choice of the two standard parallels will usually be made according to
the latitudinal extent of the area that one wishes to map. The parallels
usually chosen this way lie proportionally inboard of the north and
south margins of the mapped area. The projections with two standard

parallels normally maintain the nominal map scale along the two
parallels of latitudes that are the lines of intersection between the
imagined cone and the ellipsoid or sphere.

The following projections are commonly used to show Europe on
a map:
- Europe Lambert Conformal Conical projection maintains key

conformal properties. The spacing of the parallels is variable and
increases with increasing distance from the standard parallel, while the
meridians are all straight lines radiating from a point on the

prolongation of the spheroid axis or ellipsoid's minor axis.
- Europe Albers Equal Area Conical projection maintains the
equivalent properties – the spacing of the parallels is variable and
decreases with increasing distance from the standard parallel, while

the meridians are all straight lines that radiate from a point on the
prolongation of the spheroid axis or ellipsoid's minor axis.
- Europe Equidistant Conical projection maintains the

equidistant property only along all meridians and along one or two
standard parallels. Directions, shapes and areas are reasonably
accurate, but distortion increases away from the standard parallels.
Maps that use this projection are not conformal or equal area, but a

compromise between the Lambert Conformal Conic and Albers Equal
Area Conic projections.

Task 3. Answer the questions to the text.

1. What types of map projection by shape of normal graticule do
you know?
2. What are the main characteristics of map projection by

distortion?

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