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the court systems. Where customary tenure has been recognised by the
State, functional linkages are being developed between government
and customary land administration bodies.
In many countries, formal and informal land administration co-

exist when legal records do not replace customary rights, or when
newly created informal rights come into existence. Tension can exist
between de jure and de facto rights to land. Discrepancies between

formal and informal or customary versions of tenure holdings create
ambiguities to be exploited. In some countries where formal land
administration systems do not function well, different titles may be
issued by the state for the same parcel of land. This complicates the

legal status of the land since it gives rise to competing claims. The
mere act of establishing and documenting land boundaries and titles is
not enough; it has to be done in a way that does not make the situation

worse. The role of local communities in investigating claims is crucial
as they have the knowledge of the local tenure arrangements.

VI. INDIVIDUAL WORK

Task 1. Complete the text with the words from the box and
translate it into Ukrainian.

a wide range of, land holders, to gain formal access,
customary rights, inheritance, beneficiaries, land
reforms

Access to land for the rural poor is often based on custom.
________to land in indigenous societies, for example, are usually
created following their traditions and through the ways in which
community leaders assign land use rights to the community members.

These rights of access may have their origin in the use of the land over
a long period. They are often rights developed by ancestral occupation
and by the use of land by ancestral societies. In such cases, it is

through the act of original clearance of the land and settlement by
ancestors that rights are claimed.
People also use _______strategies to gain access to land. These
include:

 purchase, often using capital accumulated while working as
migrants in urban areas.
 adverse possession or prescription (the acquisition of rights

through possession for a prescribed period of time). In some countries,
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