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5. However, rights to land are not just a source of economic
production, but are also a basis of socially relationships and cultural
values, and a source of prestige and often power.
6. Information on land, people, and their rights is fundamental to

effective land administration since rights to land do not exist in a
physically form and they have to be represented in some way.
7. Efficient procedures for land rights allow transactions to be

completed quick, inexpensive, and transparent.
8. In many countries, formal and informal land administration co-
exist when legal records do not replace customary rights, or when
newly created informal rights come into existence.

Task 4. Open the brackets using Past Perfect Tense.

1. People who (to get) extensive rights to land by the end of the

previous year are generally more able to enjoy a sustainable livelihood
than those who (to get) only limited rights to land by that time.
2. The countries that (to invest) in the technical and institutional
infrastructure required for efficient and equitable land tenure

administration before the beginning of the land reform made much
money.

3. The state (to promote) formalisation of the administration of
land rights as a pre-requisite for economic development long before
the law was adopted.
4. They (to pay) the compensation to the original owners, by the

time they sold the land.
5. The government (to design) some recent land reform initiatives
by the end of the previous year.

IV. WRITING

Task 1. Write the translation of the following text.

1. Право власності на землю включає в себе можливості не
лише володіти і користуватися земельною ділянкою, але й
розпоряджатися нею (наприклад, подарувати, продати чи обміняти).

2. Право власності на земельну ділянку поширюється в її
межах на поверхневий (ґрунтовий) шар, а також на водні об’єкти,
ліси, які на ній знаходяться.

3. Право власності на земельну ділянку розповсюджується на
простір, що знаходиться над та під поверхнею ділянки на висоту і

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