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Task 2. Read and translate the following text.

Text 2 Rights for land

At times it may be useful to simplify the representation of
property rights by identifying:
 use rights: rights to use the land for grazing, growing
subsistence crops, gathering minor forestry products, etc.

 control rights: rights to make decisions how the land should be
used including deciding what crops should be planted, and to benefit
financially from the sale of crops, etc.

 transfer rights: right to sell or mortgage the land, to convey the
land to others through intra-community reallocations, to transmit the
land to heirs through inheritance, and to reallocate use and control

rights.
Very often, the poor in a community have only use rights. A
woman, for example, may have the right to use some land to grow

crops to feed the family, while her husband may collect the profits
from selling any crops at the market. While such simplifications can
be useful, it should be noted that the exact manner in which rights to
land are actually distributed and enjoyed can be very complex.

In broad terms, land tenure rights are often classified according to
whether they are “formal” or “informal”. There can be problems with
this approach because, for example, some so-called informal rights

may, in practice, be quite formal and secure in their own context.
Despite these problems, the classification of formal and informal
tenure can sometimes provide the basis for useful analysis.
Formal property rights may be regarded as those that are

explicitly acknowledged by the state and which may be protected
using legal means.
Informal property rights are those that lack official recognition

and protection. In some cases, informal property rights are illegal, i.e.,
held in direct violation of the law. In many countries, illegal property
holdings arise because of inappropriate laws. For example, the

minimum size of a farm may be defined by law whereas in practice
farms may be much smaller as a result of informal subdivisions
among heirs. Property rights may also be illegal because of their use,

e.g., the illegal conversion of agricultural land for urban purposes.
Formal and informal rights may exist in the same holding. For
example, in a country that forbids leasing or sharecropping, a person

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