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3. What spaces are called pores?
4. What does porosity measure?
5. How many accurate methods are there to measure porosity using well cuttings, cores, and
wireline well logs? Describe each of them.
6. What are the two types of pores? Where are they formed?
7. What is often used to help decide whether to complete an oil well?
8. What is a typical porosity cutoff for limestones?
9. What is permeability? What is it measured in?
10. Are porosity and permeability in a single sedimentary rock layer related? In what way?
11. Name the two most common petroleum reservoir rocks.
12. What are tight sands?
13. What is saturation?
14. What is oil field brine?
15. Why are most sandstones water wet?
16. What rocks are usually oil wet and why?

Task 5. Find English equivalents for the following (see the text). Try to build up
your own sentences with them.
Накопичувати та пропускати рідину; бути зайнятим твердими тілами; точні методи;
бурити свердловину; досліджувати шлам; визначити тип (вид) гірської породи; у формі
циліндра; висушувати шток; грубозернисті породи; найбільш поширені гірські породи;
вапняки; качати не тільки нафту, але й воду; відсоток видобутку нафти.

Task 6. Provide a short summary of the text from Task 2.

GRAMMAR FOCUS
The Participle and its Constructions

Task 1. Rebuild the following sentences using a participial construction. Translate
the sentences into Ukrainian.
Model: When we use a valve in this way it is called a photoelectric tube. → A valve
when used in this way is called a photoelectric tube.
1. The wire melts when it is heated.
2. A condenser may give a potential difference of one volt when it is charged with one
coulomb.
3. If the experiments are completed they will make it possible to draw definite conclusions.
4. When this material is treated properly it will be a good insulator.
5. If the experiment were described it would have been a success.
6. When all the facts had been confirmed they undertook the investigation.

Task 2. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian. Pay attention to the underlined
constructions with the Participle and try to define their character (subjective, objective or
independent).
1. When properly insulated the wire may be used in conditions of excessive moisture.
2. We observed the impurities falling out as a precipitate.
3. While used precision instruments require very delicate handling.
4. He watched the part cooling during the process.
5. When coated with some conducting material the object becomes a conductor.
6. They wished the installation adjusted properly.
7. The gas mixture ignited quickly produces more force if first compressed.
8. They wanted the test results plotted and explained.
9. An electronic computer forms an impressively complex device when viewed as a whole.