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chemical environment. These changes generally take place deep within the earth’s crust.
Examples of common metamorphic rocks include slate, marble and schist.

Task 2. Translate the following sentences into English using the given vocabulary.
Topic: Minerals.
Домішки – impurities інтерференція світла – interference of light
бісквіт – a streak plate порошок - powder
фарфорова пластинка - a piece of unglazed риска – a mark
porcelain
напівпрозорий - translucent непрозорий - opaque
пляма – a spot шорсткувата поверхня – rough surface
Колір мінералів залежить від їх хімічного складу (основного і домішок), структури,
механічних домішок, а також внутрішньої неоднорідності. У зв’язку з цим один і той же
мінерал може мати різне забарвлення, а різні мінерали – однаковий колір. Колір мінералу
також може змінюватись завдяки інтерференції світла на поверхні кристалів. Таке явище
проявляється у вигляді різнокольорових плям на гранях мінералу. Для непрозорих і
густозабарвлених напівпрозорих мінералів важливою ознакою є колір порошку мінералу.
Він може бути таким самим як і колір мінералу, а може і відрізнятися. Для визначення
кольору порошку застосовують фарфорову пластинку, яка називається бісквіт. Коли
проводиш такою пластинкою по шорсткуватій поверхні мінералу, на ній залишається
риска, колір якої відповідає кольору порошку.

INDIVIDUAL READING

Task 1. Read the following text, translate it into Ukrainian (in written form).
Energy Resources from Sedimentary Rocks
Coal
Coal, petroleum, and natural gas are the primary fuels of our modern industrial economy.
Although major shortages of oil and gas will not occur for many years, proven reserves are
declining. Despite new exploration, even in very remote regions and severe environments, new
sources of oil are not keeping pace with consumption.
Unless large, new petroleum reserves are discovered (which is possible but not likely), a
greater share of our future needs will eventually have to come from coal and/or from alternative
energy sources such as nuclear, solar, wind, tidal, and hydroelectric power. Two fossil-fuel
alternatives— oil sands and oil shale—are sometimes mentioned as promising new sources of
liquid fuels. The fuels that have traditionally supplied our energy needs are: coal, oil and gas.
Along with oil and natural gas, coal is commonly called a fossil fuel. Such a designation
is appropriate, because each time we burn coal we are using energy from the Sun that was stored
by plants many millions of years ago. We are indeed burning a “fossil.”
More than 80 percent of present-day coal usage is for the generation of electricity. As oil
reserves gradually diminish in the years to come, the use of coal may actually increase.
Expanded coal production is possible because the world has enormous reserves and the
technology to mine coal efficiently.
Although coal is plentiful, its recovery and its use present a number of problems. Surface
mining can turn the countryside into a scarred wasteland if careful (and costly) reclamation is not
carried out to restore the land.
Although underground mining does not scar the landscape to the same degree, it has been
costly in terms of human life and health. Underground mining long ago ceased to be a pickand-
shovel operation and is today a highly mechanized and computerized process.
Air pollution is a major problem associated with the burning of coal. Much coal contains
significant quantities of sulfur. Despite efforts to remove sulfur before the coal is burned, some
remains. When the coal is burned, the sulfur is converted into noxious sulfuroxide gases.