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Essentials of Geology
Task 1. Translate the following text into Ukrainian. Build up a glossary to the
underlined terms.
Sedimentary rocks are formed as sediments, either from eroded fragments of older rocks
or chemical precipitates. Sediments lithify by both compaction, as the grains are squeezed
together into a denser mass than the original, and by cementation, as minerals precipitate around
the grains after deposition and bind the particles together. Sediments are compacted and
cemented after burial under additional layers of sediment. Thus sandstone forms by the
lithification of sand particles and limestone by the lithification of shells and other particles of
calcium carbonate. These types of rocks are typically deposited in horizontal layers, or strata, at
the bottom of rivers, oceans, and deltas. Limestone, sandstone, and clay are typical sedimentary
rocks.

Task 2. Translate the following sentences into English using the given vocabulary.
Topic: Rocks
текстура - texture стан - condition
взаємовідношення - relationship уламкова структура – pyroclastic texture or a
fragmental texture
дрібнозерниста – fine-grained порфірова структура – porphyritic texture
порфіровидна структура – porphyritic-like кристалічне зерно – crystal grain
texture
Будова гірських порід характеризується структурою і текстурою. Структура – це
особливості внутрішньої будови гірської породи, яка визначається станом мінеральної
речовини (кристалічна, аморфна, уламкова), розміром і формою мінеральних зерен та їх
взаємовідношеннями. Якщо порода повністю складена з кристалічних зерен, виділяють
повнокристалічну структуру. Якщо в будові породи переважає нерозкристалізована маса,
говорять про аморфну структуру. Якщо в аморфній масі знаходяться вкраплені
кристалічні зерна, структуру називають порфіровою. У випадку, якщо крупні кристалічні
зерна вкраплені в більш дрібнозернисту, але також кристалічну масу, виділяють
порфіровидну структуру. Якщо порода складена уламками мінералів, або інших порід
говорять, що вона має уламкову структуру.

INDIVIDUAL READING

Task 1. Read the following text, translate it into Ukrainian (in written form).
Sediment has two principal sources. First, it may be an accumulation of material that
(genesis = origin, dia = change) originates and is transported as solid particles derived from both
mechanical and chemical weathering. Deposits of this type are termed detrital, and the
sedimentary rocks that they form are called detrital sedimentary rocks. The second major source
of sediment is soluble material produced largely by chemical weathering. When these ions in
solution are precipitated by either inorganic or biologic processes, the material is known as
chemical sediment, and the rocks formed from it are called chemical sedimentary rocks. The
third category is organic sedimentary rocks. The primary example is coal. This black
combustible rock consists of organic carbon from the remains of plants that died and
accumulated on the floor of a swamp. The bits and pieces of undecayed plant material that
constitute the “sediments” in coal are quite unlike the weathering products that make up detrital
and chemical sedimentary rocks.
Clay minerals and quartz are the chief constituents of most sedimentary rocks in the
category of detrital sedimentary rocks. Clay minerals are the most abundant product of the
chemical weathering of silicate minerals, especially the feldspars. Clays are fine-grained
minerals with sheetlike crystalline structures similar to the micas. The other common mineral,
quartz, is abundant because it is extremely durable and very resistant to chemical weathering.