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GRAMMAR FOCUS
Conjunctions. Prepositions. Peculiarities of their translation

Task 1. Read the following compound conjunctions and prepositions. Pay special
attention to their translation.

Conjunctions Prepositions
As long as – поки, за умови що, якщо according to – згідно з
both…and – як…, так і….; і…, і…. as far as – до, щойно
hardly…when – ледве тільки…, як; because of – через
no sooner…than - ледве тільки…, як; не by means of – за допомогою
встиг…, як
the…the – чим…, тим by virtue of – в силу, завдяки
as soon as – як тільки, щойно due to – завдяки, в силу
either…or – або…. або in accordance with – у відповідності до
neither…nor – ні…, ні in addition to – крім
not only…but also – не тільки, але й in relation to – що стосується, відносно
in spite of – не дивлячись на
owing to - завдяки
thanks to - завдяки

Task 2. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian. Pay attention to the compound
conjunctions.
1. The cost of the control system, both in the equipment needed and in staff, is obviously
great.
2. He measured the distance at which a point image of the Moon could appear as bright as
the one star and then as bright as the other.
3. Not only the name but the design followed that on the stage-coach, the first type of
railway coach being merely a road vehicle adapted to run on rails.
4. The figures available are not so complete as to provide a basis for final analysis.
5. One hundred and fifty years ago there were neither electric lamps, nor electric motors,
nor telephones.

Task 3. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian. Pay attention to the compound
prepositions.
1. According to the various destinations, numbers are chalked up on the ends of the wagons,
which denote the roads into which the wagons should run.
2. Because of the heavy but balanced internal stresses, tempered glass cannot be cut or
deeply scratched, nor can deeply figured glass be tempered satisfactorily.
3. In spite of the severe difficulties that the economy of the young country had to face, the
revival of locomotive building began successfully.

TRANSLATION FOCUS
Essentials of Geology

Task 1. Translate the following text into Ukrainian. Build up a glossary to the
underlined terms.
Igneous rocks are formed from the crystallization of molten rock (magma or lava) from
within the earth’s mantle. Common igneous rocks include granite, basalt, and gabbro.
Metamorphic rocks are formed from pre-existing rocks by mineralogical, chemical and/or
structural changes in response to marked changes in temperature, pressure, shearing stress, and