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TEST YOURSELF
Task 1. Tell whether the sentences are true or false. Correct the false ones.
1. By usage petroleum includes only crude oil.
2. The two most common elements in both crude oil and natural gas are carbon and hydrogen.
3. All the molecules that make up crude oil and natural gas are composed of hydrogen and
carbon atoms.
4. At the refinery, there are three types of crude oils.
5. On the basis of their sulfur content crude oils are classified as bitter and sour.
6. Dry gas is pure methane and occurs entirely as a gas in the reservoir, even during
production.
7. There are a lot of different processes that geologists call mass wasting.
8. Fall, slide and slope are types of motion of material involved in a mass wasting.
9. Solifluction is a type of mass wasting that is common wherever water cannot escape from
the saturated surface layer by infiltrating to deeper levels.
10. Rockslide is a type of mass wasting that involves the gradual downhill movement of soil
and regolith.

UNIT 2
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
PART 1
THE IMPORTANCE AND ORIGINS OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

Task 1. Read and memorize the following words:
fossil – скам’янілість, копалина vital – життєво важливий
significant – значний, істотний manganese - марганець
fertilizer - добриво aggregate – дрібний матеріал з каменю,
щебінь
intermittent - періодичний runoff - сток
groundwater –ґрунтова вода

Task 2. Read the following text, translate it into Ukrainian.

The Importance of Sedimentary Rocks
Most of solid Earth consists of igneous and metamorphic rocks. Geologists estimate these
two categories represent 90 to 95 % of the outer 16 km of the crust. Nevertheless, most of
Earth’s solid surface consists of either sediment or sedimentary rock! Across the ocean floor,
which represents about 70 % of Earth’s solid surface, virtually everything is covered by
sediment. Igneous rocks are exposed only at the crest of mid-ocean ridges and at some volcanic
areas. Thus, while sediment and sedimentary rocks make up only a small percentage of Earth’s
crust, they are concentrated at or near the surface—the interface among the geosphere,
hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. It is sedimentary rocks that contain fossils, which are
vital tools in the study of the geologic past. This group of rocks provides geologists with much of
the basic information they need to reconstruct the details of Earth history.
Such study has practical value as well. Coal, which provides a significant portion of our
electrical energy, is classified as a sedimentary rock. Moreover, other major energy sources—oil,
natural gas, and uranium— are derived from sedimentary rocks. So are major sources of iron,
aluminum, manganese, and phosphate fertilizer, plus numerous materials essential to the
construction industry, such as cement and aggregate. Sediments and sedimentary rocks are also
the primary reservoir of groundwater. Thus, an understanding of this group of rocks and the