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Directives Influencers urge, beg, demand, counsel, order, challenge, warn,
dare, permit, request, bid, authorize, implore, etc.
Commissives promise, guarantee, vow, offer, agree, resolve,
contract, refuse, etc.
Exhortations
Wishes wish, pray,
Conditionals
Responsibility
Establishes Ascribers blame, forgive, thank, censure, accuse, criticize,
applaud, credit, protest, etc.
Implicators Apologize,admit, boast, take credit, deny, justify, etc.
Executors
Assigners give, confer, transfer, present, offer, assign,
bequeath, etc.
Receivers accept, claim, refuse, relinquish, reject, resign,
choose, etc.
Ceremonials welcome, greet, present, bid farewell, dismiss, call,
summon, salute, bless, exclude, vote for, etc.
Aligners dissociate, oppose, concur in, veto, join, bind,
affiliate, etc.

4.Bach K. & Harnish R.
Institutional Acts
Non-Institutional Acts
Communicative Illocutionary Acts
1. Constatives Assertives affirm, allege, assert, aver, avow, claim, declare,
deny (assert … not), indicate, maintain, propound,
say, state, submit
Predictives forecast, predict, prophesy
Retrodictives recount, report
Descriptives appraise, assess, call, categorize, characterize,
classify, date, describe, diagnose, evaluate, grade,
identify, portray, rank
Ascriptives ascribe, attribute, predicate
Informatives advise, announce, apprise, disclose, inform, insist,
notify, point out, report, reveal, tell, testify
Confirmatives appraise, assess, bear witness, certify, conclude,
confirm, corroborate, diagnose, find, judge,
substantiate, testify, validate, verify, vouch for;
Concessives acknowledge, admit, agree, allow, assent,
concede, concur, confess, grant, own;
Retractives abjure, correct, deny, disavow, disclaim, disown,
recant, renounce, repudiate, retract, take back,
withdraw;
Assentives accept, agree, assent, concur;
Dissentives differ, disagree, dissent, reject;