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36

Major Taxonomies

of Illocutionary Acts and Speech Act Verbs

1.J.Austin
Verdictives Acquit, hold, read as, reckon, place, put it at, grade, assess,
characterize, convict, interpret as, rule, estimate, date, make it, rank,
value, diagnose, find, understand, calculate, locate, measure, take it,
rate, describe, analyse
Exercitives Appoint, dismiss, order, sentence, levy, choose, bequeath, warn,
degrade, excommunicate, command, fine, vote for, claim, pardon,
advise, demote, name, direct, grant, nominate, give, resign, plead, pray,
urge, proclaim, countermand, enact, dedicate, entreat, press, announce,
annul, reprieve, declare closed, beg, recommend, quash, repeal, veto,
declare open
Commissives Undertake, am determined to, mean to, propose to, envisage,
guarantee, vow, dedicate myself to, adopt, espouse, convenant, bind
myself, intend, plan, shall, engage, pledge myself, agree, declare for,
champion, oppose, contract, give my word, declare my intention,
purpose, contemplate, swear, bet, consent, side with, embrace, favour
Behabitives apologize, thank, deplore, commiserate, compliment, condole,
congratulate, felicitate, sympathize, resent, don’t mind, pay tribute,
criticize, grumble about, complain of, applaud, overlook, commend,
deprecate, blame, approve, favour, welcome, bid you farewell, bless,
curse, toast, drink to, wish, dare, defy, protest, challege
Expositives 1. Affirm, deny, state, describe, class, identify;
2. remark, mention, interpose;
3. inform, apprise, tell, answer, rejoin,
3a. ask
4. testify, report, swer, conjecture, doubt, believe
5. accept, concede, withdraw, agree, demur to, object to, adhere to,
recognize, repudiate
5a. correct, revise,
6. postulate, deduce, argue, neglect, emphasize
7. begin by, turn to, conclude by
7a. interpret, distinguish, analyse, define
7b. illustrate, explain, formulate
7c. mean, refer, call, understand, regard as

2.Searle & Vanderveken
Assertives assert, reassert, negate, deny, correct, claim, affirm, state, disclaim,
(70) declare, tell, suggest, guess, hypothesize, conjecture, postulate, predict,
forecast, foretell, prophesy, vaticinate, report, retrodict, warn, forewarn,
advise, alert, alarm, remind, describe, inform, reveal, divulge, divulgate,
notify, insinuate, sustain, insist, maintain, assure, aver, avouch, certify,
attest, swear, testify, agree, disagree, asent, dissent, acquisce, object,
recognize, acknowlwdge, admit, confess, concede, recant, criticize,