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receive and make use of information from a number of different channels. In general, the
more channels being used, the greater the number of communicative stimuli transmitted.

Medium
We divide the different types of communication medium into two different categories:
1. Physical / personal media: large meetings, department meetings (weekly meetings), up
close and personal (exclusive meetings), video conferences ,viral communication or word of
mouth.
2. Mechanical media: E-mail, Weekly letters or newsletters, Personal letters, Billboards,
Intranet, Magazines or papers, Sms, Social media

Communicator 2: Receiver / Sender
The sender wants to get a desired result from the receiver and plans the delivery by
deciding how to phrase the message so that it will be easily understood. The sender has no
guarantee that the receiver will interpret the message in the way it was intended: the
receiver may make a different mental image. The listener’s background and experiences
are different from those of the speaker’s, and these are decisive factors in determining how
the message will be perceived. Another critical aspect of message reception is listening.
Listening means fully comprehending a message and responding to it verbally or
nonverbally. Before comprehension takes place the message has to be interpreted and
analyzed. This process of interpretation and analysis is called critical listening. Critical
listening takes place when the receiver of the message evaluates the ideas and concepts
that have been put forth. Listening is not the same as hearing. Listening is an activity that
involves paying close attention to the speaker. Hearing is a mere physiological capability.
Listening involves four different yet interrelated processes: attention, hearing,
understanding, and remembering.

Interference / noise
A speaker who transmits a message is competing with distracting stimuli that may
impede comprehension. Interference or noise is anything that distorts the information
transmitted to the receiver or distracts him or her from receiving it.
There are many kinds of noise: the rain outside, an overheated classroom, your
classmate’s whisper, a very strong smell of perfume, your bad mood can all become
sources of interference. In communication theory distinction is made between four kinds of
inference:
1. technical or physical interference,
2. physiological interference,
3. psychological interference and
4. semantic interference.
Technical interference / physical noise – external sounds that distract communication
– refers to the factors that cause the receiver to perceive distortion in the intended
information or stimuli. An overcrowded room, low quality print, loud music, or a smelly cigar
fall into this category.
Physiological noisees include hearing disorders, illnesses, and disabilities that make it
difficult to send or receice messages.