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* - Load-out, tie down and transportation

* - Lunch, up righting and placement to seabed

* - Pile, conductor installation

* - Grouting

* - Deck lift and installation

* - Pre-commissioning, HUC operations

* - Escape and evacuation

* - Others

4.2 Fixed Offshore Installation

* While civil engineering structures are normally built at their installation site,

offshore structures are built onshore and transported to the offshore
installation site. The process of moving a structure to the installation site

involves three distinct operations referred to as the loadout, transportation
and installation operations. Collectively, these operations are also known as

the “temporary phases” and the engineering work associated with them as
“Installation Engineering”.

* Different types of structures require different methods of transportation and

installation. Different installation methods can also be used for the same

type of offshore structure.

* A fixed substructure is that part of an offshore platform which sits on the

seabed and is rigidly connected to it by means of foundation piles (e.g.

jackets) or under the effect of its weight (e.g. gravity base structure). The

installation methods of the following substructures are covered in this

section:

* 4.2.1 Jackets

* The jacket legs and braces transmit environmental and topsides loads into

the piles and subsequently into the seabed. Jackets typically have three,
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