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1. What did the first maps look like?
2. What helped to create more accurate maps?
3. What role did the optical technology/photochemical technology play?
4. What brought to a new revolution in cartography?

3. Give the English equivalents from Text 3:

Широта, накреслювати, потреба, вручну, пергамент, поширення, цифровий,
прогрес, викривляти, кут, зношення, волога, усувати, масове виробництво,
розширювати, накладати, оптична технологія.

4. Fill in the blanks with the words from Text 3. Translate the sentences into
Ukrainian:

1. The first maps were manually constructed with brushes and __________ and
therefore varied in quality and were limited in __________.
2. The advent of __________, such as the compass and much later magnetic storage
devices, allowed for the creation of far more __________ maps.
3. Optical technology, such as the __________, sextant and other devices that use
telescopes, allowed for accurate __________ of land.
4. In the late 20th century and early 21st century advances in __________ led to a new
revolution in cartography.
5. Advances in mechanical devices such as the __________, quadrant and
__________ allowed for the mass production of maps and the ability to make accurate
reproductions from more accurate __________.

GRAMAR FOCUS
ПОРІВНЯННЯ ГЕРУНДІЯ, ДІЄПРИКМЕТНИКА ТА ВІДДІЄСЛ ІВНОГО
ІМЕННИКА

5. State whether the verb in the sentence is the gerund or the participle. Translate
the sentences into Ukrainian:

1. He was looking at the plane flying overhead.
2. Wishing to learn to skate, she bought herself a pair of skates.
3. Just imagine his coming first in the race!
4. The children were tired of running.
5. Being frightened by the dog, the cat climbed a high fence.
6. It is no use going there now.
7. Coming out of the wood, the travellers saw a ruined castle in the distance.
8. My greatest pleasure is travelling.
9. Growing corn on his desert island, Crusoe hoped to eat bread one day.
10. Growing roses takes a lot of care and attention.
11. Having prepared all the necessary equipment, they began the experiment.
12. While translating the text I looked up many words in the dictionary.
13. Usually I help my mother by washing the dishes and doing the room.
14. Entering the room, I saw my friends smiling at me.
15. Instead of phoning his friends, he went to see them.