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oldest extant globe of the Earth.
Johannes Werner refined and promoted the Werner map projection. In 1507, Martin
Waldseemüller produced a globular world map and a large 12-panel world wall map
(Universalis Cosmographia) bearing the first use of the name "America". Portuguese
cartographer Diego Ribero was author of the first known planisphere with a graduated
Equator (1527). Italian cartogapher Battista Agnese produced at least 71 manuscript atlases of
sea charts.
Due to the sheer physical difficulties inherent in cartography, map-makers frequently
lifted material from earlier works without giving credit to the original cartographer. For
example, one of the most famous early maps of North America is unofficially known as the
Beaver Map, published in 1715 by Herman Moll. This map is an exact reproduction of a 1698
work by Nicolas de Fer. De Fer in turn had copied images that were first printed in books by
Louis Hennepin, published in 1697, and François Du Creux, in 1664. By the 1700s, map-
makers started to give credit to the original engraver by printing the phrase "After [the
original cartographer]" on the work.

2. Answer the following questions:

1. When did the early paintings appear?
2. What is “Mappa mundi”?
3. What contribution in development of cartography did Muhammad al-Idrisi make?
4. When was the oldest extant globe of the Earth made?

3. Give the English equivalents from Text 2:

Артефакт, настінний живопис, зображати, існуючий, сузір’я, рукопис, решта,
середньовічний, об’єднувати, торговець, дослідник, успадковувати, точний, магнітний
компас, глобус, планісфера, морська мапа, різьбар.

4.Fill in the blanks with the words from Text 2. Translate the sentences into
Ukrainian:

1. In ancient China, __________ spans back to the 5th century BC.
2. __________ is the general term used to describe Medieval European maps of the
world.
3. Of these, some 900 are found __________ and the remainder exist as standalone
documents.
4. It remained the most accurate __________ for the next three centuries.
5. In the Age of __________ from the 15th century to the 17th century, European
cartographers both copied earlier maps and drew their own based on explorers' observations
and new __________.

GRAMMAR FOCUS
The Gerund in English

5. Change the form of the infinitive into the gerund:

1. My father began to work at this plant 20 years ago.
2. We continue to study English.
3. Children like to play football.
4. The boy started to run.