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balanced and readable representation that is capable of communicating information
effectively
and quickly.
One problem in creating maps is the simple reality that the surface of the Earth, a
curved surface in three-dimensional space, must be represented in two dimensions as a flat
surface. This necessarily entails some degree of distortion, which can be dealt with by
utilizing projections that minimize distortion in certain areas. Furthermore, the Earth is not a
regular sphere, but its shape is instead known as a geoid, which is a highly irregular but
exactly knowable and calculable shape.
Maps of all scales have traditionally been drawn and made by hand, but the recent
advent and spread of computers has revolutionized cartography. Most commercial-quality
maps are now made with software that falls into one of three main types: CAD, GIS, and
specialized illustration software.
Functioning as tools, maps communicate spatial information by making it visible.
Spatial information is acquired from measurement of space and can be stored in a database,
from which it can be extracted for a variety of purposes. Current trends in this field are
moving away from analog methods of mapmaking and toward the creation of increasingly
dynamic, interactive maps that can be manipulated digitally.
Cartographic representation involves the use of symbols and lines to illustrate
geographic phenomena. This can aid in visualizing space in an abstract and portable format.
The cartographic process rests on the premise that the world is measurable and that we can
make reliable representations or models of that reality.

2. Answer the following questions:

1. What is cartography?
2. What hampers creating maps?
3. What are the new methods of mapmaking?
4. What illustrates geographic phenomena?

3. Give the English equivalents from Text 1:

Естетика, тривимірний, плоский, викривлення, геоїд, комплекс програм,
комп’ютерне моделювання, просторовий, передумова.

4. Fill in the blanks with the words from the text. Translate the sentences into
Ukrainian:

1. Cartography combines science, aesthetics, and ____________ to create a balanced
and readable that is capable of communicating information effectively and
quickly.
2. One problem in creating maps is the simple reality that the ________________ of
the Earth, a curved surface in three-dimensional space, must be represented in two_____ as a
flat surface.
3. Maps of all ________ have traditionally been drawn and made by hand, but the
recent advent and spread of computers has revolutionized .
4. Functioning as tools, maps communicate ____________ by making it visible.
5. Cartographic representation involves the use of _________________ and lines to
illustrate geographic .