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Law and the Legal System
The nature of Law is so complex that a precise definition is difficult
to provide. In general law is a set of values, instructions and concepts that
permit civilization to exist and people to live orderly lives.
There are dozens of ways to categorize law. The following four-fold
classification scheme is proposed: substantive, jurisdictional,
governmental and structural. Substantive law deals with human conduct
and includes the broad areas known as criminal law and civil law.
Jurisdictional law deals with the power of political entities. Governmental
law views law in terms of the branch of government – executive,
legislative or juridical, that created it. Structural law classifies law by the
person, group or institution to which it is addressed.
In the USA there are four major sources of law: Constitutional Law,
Statutory Law, Administrative Law and Common Law.
Constitutional law is the supreme law of the land and regulates the
different branches of government. Statutory Law is created on the federal,
state and local level as administrative regulations and judicial decisions.
Administrative regulations are promulgated by government agencies
pursuant to power delegated by the legislatures. The common law, or
“unwritten law”, is the body of law that originates (emanates) from courts
through judicial decisions.

Grammar exercises

I. Change the following sentences into the Passive Voice.
1. My sister teachers English at our University.
2. A famous Hungarian architect built this castle in the
sixteenth century.
3. They will not finish their repair work tomorrow.
4. The students are discussing the latest political news during
the lunch.
5. We were watching the film “Love Story” yesterday at 9
p.m.
6. The young men had written down their notes long before
the break time.
7. Somebody has stolen the old woman’s purse.
8. They will have published the book till the end of the year.
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