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unconstitutional. The appeals go up to the middle layer or Federal courts,
the (Circuit) Courts of Appeals.
Outside the three-layer federal court system there are a number of
special courts, such as the Court of Claims, the Tax Court, and the Court
of Customs and Patent Appeals. The special courts have been established
to handle cases that are difficult for a judge to understand unless he
devoted his whole time to this one type of problem. The special courts are
on a borderline between strictly "judicial" courts and the administrative
agencies with practically judicial powers, through which the government
regulates certain kinds of business.
In most of the states the lowest courts are the magistrates or police
courts, where the judge or magistrate (the justice of the peace) can send a
drunk to jail for thirty days, or fine a motorist for speeding, without the aid
of jury. Some of the states have special traffic courts, probate courts or
other special courts among their courts of small claims. The magistrate
(the judge of the lowest court) may also have authority to receive a man
accused of murder and decide whether to hold him for trial in a higher
court.

Task 2. Read, translate the words into Ukrainian, make up sentences
with them.
judiciary litigation probate
judicial jury/juror attorney
justice inferior biased
chief justice alter offence /
offender
jurisdiction prosecuting responsibility
appellate prosecutor ambassador
circuit magistrate circumstances

Task 3. Explain the meaning of the word combinations.
1. to judge the constitutionality of an act;
2. to alter the Constitution;
3. new cases arise;
4. a great mass of litigation;
5. to accept the facts sent up by the lower courts;
6. to decide on disputed questions of law;
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