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confusion. (If the placement of the modifier causes confusion, then it is not "free" and must remain
"bound" to the word it modifies.)
 Nancy waved enthusiastically at the docking ship, laughing joyously. (correct)
 INCORRECT:Lisa waved at Nancy, laughing joyously. (Who is laughing, Lisa or Nancy?)

8. To set off all geographical names, items in dates (except the month and day), addresses (except
the street number and name), and titles in names.
 Birmingham, Alabama, gets its name from Birmingham, England.

9.To shift between the main discourse and a quotation.
 John said without emotion, "I'll see you tomorrow."

10. Wherever necessary to prevent possible confusion or misreading.
 To George, Harrison had been a sort of idol.

Comma is not used
1.To separate the subject from the verb.
 INCORRECT: An eighteen-year old in California, is now considered an adult.
 INCORRECT: The most important attribute of a ball player, is quick reflex actions.

2.Between the two verbs or verb phrases in a compound predicate.
 INCORRECT: We laid out our music and snacks, and began to study.
 INCORRECT: I turned the corner, and ran smack into a patrol car.

3.Between the two nouns, noun phrases, or noun clauses in a compound subject or compound
object.
 INCORRECT (compound subject): The music teacher from your high school, and the
football coach from mine are married.
 INCORRECT (compound object): Jeff told me that the job was still available, and that the
manager wanted to interview me.

4.After the main clause when a dependent (subordinate) clause follows it (except for cases of
extreme contrast).
 INCORRECT: The cat scratched at the door, while I was eating.
 CORRECT: She was still quite upset, although she had won the Oscar. (This comma use is
correct because it is an example of extreme contrast)

13 Explain the use of commas in the following text.

“Working with local staffing and competency development is not new to Maersk Drilling,
but a natural part of its value set and growth ambitions”, Steve Thorley, Rig Manager on Heydar
Aliyev in Azerbaijan, explains.Seven Azerbaijani employees began their careers on the mid-water
semi-sub, Heydar Aliyev, offshore Baku in the Caspian Sea, but now work globally in Maersk
Drilling’s fleet. In Maersk Drilling all employees have equal opportunities to pursue a career in a
different country - no matter their position or title. The six Azerbaijani employees who currently
work internationally hold positions such as Subsea Engineer, Driller, Electronic Technicians,
Procurement Manager, etc.
Hidayat Mammadov from Azerbaijan began his career in Maersk Drilling on Heydar Aliyev
in 2003. Today, 11 years later, Mammadov works as a Subsea Engineer on Maersk Drilling’s brand
new drillship, Maersk Venturer, which has just commenced operations in Malaysia. “This is a great
opportunity for everyone to wider their world, see new locations, meet great people, learn new
equipment and improve skills and knowledge”, says Mammadov.

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