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Structural mechanics
Structures can be complex systems that undergo different loads during their lifetime. Some
complex structures, such as the turbo machinery in a liquid-fuel rocket, can also cost millions
of dollars. Engineers will commonly model these structures as coupled second-order systems,
approximating dynamic structure components with springs, masses, and dampers. These sets
of differential equations can be used to derive a transfer function that models the behavior of
the system.

4 Make the following phrases complete and translate them into Ukrainian.

1. Non-destructive testing (NDT) is a wide group of analysis techniques used in science
and industry …, component or system without causing damage.
2. NDT is a highly valuable technique that can … in product evaluation, troubleshooting,
and research.
3. Contrast between a defect and the bulk of the sample may be enhanced for visual
examination by the unaided eye by … fatigue cracks.
4. … involves using dyes, fluorescent or non-fluorescing, in fluids for non-magnetic
materials, usually metals.
5. Another commonly used method for … involves using a liquid suspension of fine iron
particles applied to a part while it is in an externally applied magnetic field (magnetic-particle
testing).
6. Thermoelectric effect uses … to quickly and easily characterize many alloys.
7. The chemical test, or chemical spot test method, utilizes application of sensitive
chemicals that can indicate the presence of individual alloying elements.
8. Electrochemical methods utilize the tendency of metal structural material … in order to
detect progressive damage.
9. Welding techniques may also be actively monitored with … before production to design
the best set of parameters to use to properly join two materials.
10. The monitoring of the level of acoustic emission activity during multiple load cycles
forms the basis for many AE safety inspection methods, that allow … to remain in service.

5 Match the words to make up word – combination:

to join loads
product equations
reach lifetime
welding tests
indicate parts
to confirm a lack of cracks
nondestructive evaluation
metallurgy defects
undergo parameters
differential temperature

6 Write a short summary of the text.

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