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concepts (mathematical theorems, kinds of laws, parts of the
human being, etc.) Each science establishes the way its concepts
are classified, generating hierarchical relations or other types of
relations among them. Terms that are images of those concepts are
also related among themselves with the same relations as the
concepts. Thus, we can find hyperonyms and hyponyms.
Hypernyms and hyponyms are semantic classes of words.
Hypernyms are more general in meaning (hyper- = “over”). By
contrast, hyponyms are more specific (hypo- = “under”).
HYPONYM HYPERNYM
diamond, emerald, and ruby gemstone
poker, roulette, and craps game
violin, alto, contrabass musical instrument
direct tax (прямий податок), tax
indirect tax (непрямий
податок)
taxes on income (податки на
доходи), taxes on expenditure
(податки, пов’язані з
матеріальними витратами),
taxes on capital (податки на
капітал), taxes on transactions
(податки на продаж, послуги
та привілеї)
In non-specialised communication we do not always find
these logical relations among words. For instance, in the standard
register there are differences between beef, cow, bull, and ox, but
for a zoologist all of them all are individuals of the same species,
Bos bovis, regardless the gender and the age.
6. The term must be monosemantic i.e. it must have only one
meaning. But monosemantism is not common to all terms.
Polysemy is quite widespread among terminology, even in
technical sciences:
collection збір податків

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