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result  of  abstraction  and  generalisation  all  “concepts  are  thus
                            intrinsically almost the same for the whole of humanity in one and
                            the  same  period  of  its  historical  development.  The  meanings  of
                            words however are different in different languages. That is to say,
                            words expressing identical concepts may have different meanings
                            and  different  semantic  structures  in  different  languages.  The
                            concept  of  ‘a  building  for  human  habitation’  is  expressed  in
                            English by the word house, in Russian by the word дом, but the
                            meaning  of  the  English  word  is  not  identical  with  that  of  the
                            Russian as house does not possess the meaning of ‘fixed residence
                            of  family  or  household’  which  is  one  of  the  meanings  of  the
                            Russian  word  дом;  it  is  expressed  by  another  English
                            polysemantic  word,  namely  home  which  possesses  a  number  of
                            other meanings not to be found in the Russian word дом.
                                  The  difference  between  meaning  and  concept  can  also  be
                            observed  by  comparing  synonymous  words  and  word-groups
                            expressing essentially the same concepts but possessing linguistic
                            meaning  which  is  felt  as  different  in  each  of  the  units  under
                            consideration,  e.g.  big,  large;  to,  die,  to  pass  away,  to  kick  the
                            bucket, to join the majority; child, baby, babe, infant.
                                  The  precise  definition  of  the  content  of  a  concept  comes
                            within the  sphere of  logic  but  it can  be easily observed that the
                            word-meaning is not identical with it. For instance, the content of
                            the concept six can be expressed by ‘three plus three’, ‘five plus
                            one’, or ‘ten minus four’, etc. Obviously, the meaning of the word
                            six cannot be identified with the meaning of these word-groups.
                                  To distinguish meaning from the referent, i.e. from the thing
                            denoted by the linguistic sign is of the utmost importance, and at
                            first  sight  does  not  seem  to  present  difficulties.  To  begin  with,
                            meaning is linguistic whereas the denoted object or the referent is
                            beyond the scope of language. We can denote one and the same
                            object by more than one word of a different meaning. For instance,
                            in a speech situation an apple can be denoted by the words apple,
                            fruit, something, this, etc. as all of these words may have the same













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