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applied to the system (the principle of the independence of the
forces), whereby the deformation and displacement in the elastic
system do not depend on the order of load application.
Consequently, the result of the action of several forces applied to
the system can be obtained as the sum of the results of action of
these same forces applied sequentially and in any order (fig.1.7).
In other words, the effect of a force action is independent of the
effects of other force actions.

Figure 1.7

1.4.3 Saint Venant’s principle

French scientist Saint Venant to simplify the calculations of the
strength formulated the following assumptions: a particular way of
applying the load does not affect the deformations at the points
that are far enough from the load location (fig.1.8). This

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