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3) its function of a specifier.
Particles possess neither grammatical categories, nor typical
stem- building elements. As far as their structure is concerned,
English particles may be simple (just, still, yet, even,else),
derivative (merely, simply, alone), compound (also).
Very few English particles (else, merely, solely) are not
homonymous with other words. Most of them are identical in form
with adverbs (exactly, precisely, simply, never, still), adjectives
{even, right, just, only), pronouns (all, either), conjunctions (but),
articles (the)
Ukrainian particles are subdivided into two types according
to their mode of functioning: 1) phrase particles and 2) word-
building and form-building particles (фразові та слово- і
формотворчі).
Phrase particles arrange a certain type of a sentence
rendering the speaker's attitude to the content of the whole sentence
or modify one of its components (ось, справді, лише, etc.).
Word-building particles function in connection with other
words. Unlike phrase particles they can change their place in the
word structure or can be separated altogether at declination (будь-,
казна-, де-, -ж, etc.). With their help pronouns, adverbs and
conjunctions are formed.
Form-building particles are used to create different
grammatical forms, e.g. particles би, б help to form conditional
mood.
Unlike conjunctions and prepositions English and Ukrainian
particles do not serve to express syntactic relations.

Questions for self-assessment

1. Characterize the preposition as a part of speech in English and
Ukrainian languages. What type of relations do they express?

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