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2. … major lithospheric plates are recognized.
3. Big size plates are the North American, South American, …, African, …, Australian, and
Antarctic plates.
4. Intermediate size plates include the Caribbean, …, Philippine, Arabian, Cocos, and …
plates.
5. The lithospheric plates move relative to each other at a very slow rate that averages about
… a year.
6. The titanic, grinding movements of Earth’s lithospheric plates generate… .

Task 6. Find English equivalents for the following (see the text).
Поділятися на багато плит; основні літосферичні плити; постійно рухатись; плити
середнього розміру; велика територія морського дна; нерівномірний розподіл тепла Землі;
прохолодніші, щільніші плити літосфери; створювати вулкани.

Task 7. Give a short summary of the text from Task 3.

GRAMMAR FOCUS
Modal Verbs (Part 2)

Task 1. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian. Pay special attention to the modals
to have, to be
1. In flight the pilot has to know and report his position.
2. But this new kind of fuel has to be handled very carefully.
3. One has only to cover the steam pipes to reduce heat losses.
4. Our engineers had to solve many complicated practical problems to reduce wear in
machinery.
5. Now he is to study this phenomenon.
6. The chief reason for the use of such bearings is to simplify lubrication problems.

Task 2. Use the Perfect Infinitive after the Modals. Translate the sentences into
Ukrainian.
1. He may (to get) the condenser he needed.
2. He might (to know) that to cut down the flow of water in a pipe you need only to shut off
a valve.
3. He couldn’t (to see) a jet engine in action many years ago.
4. He could not (to overlook) such a serious mistake.
5. They ought (to pay) more attention to the problem of fuel consumption.
6. This line should (to put) into operation long ago.
7. Heat must (remove) from the gas to make such a change possible.
8. He cannot (to break) the tube while making this experiment.

TRANSLATION FOCUS
Essentials of Geology

Task 1. Translate the following text into Ukrainian. Build up a glossary to the
underlined terms.
Geologic time and Earth’s geologic history are concepts that need to be clearly
understood and how they relate to the petroleum industry. It takes millions of years and specific
conditions for organic and sedimentary materials to be converted to recoverable hydrocarbons.