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energy flow due to the fact that the gas atoms, going up, have a higher
energy than the atoms going down. The magnitude of the heat flow will
also be proportional to the amount of energy transported by particles with
the heat capacity c and some characteristic temperature difference ΔT. So

far we have

1
Q      v  t  S  c  T . (1.15.2)
v
6

If we set 1.15.2 equal to 1.15.1 and take into account that ΔZ=2<l>,
we obtain

 T 1
   S  t      t  S  c   T , (1.15.3)
V
 2 l 6
whence it follows that:

1
     v  l c  V . (1.15.4)
3

CHAPTER 2.

THERMODYNAMICS

2.1 Introduction

Thermodynamics is a branch of natural science concerned with heat
and temperature and their relation to energy and work. It defines
macroscopic variables, such as internal energy, entropy, and pressure, that

partly describe a body of matter or radiation. It states that the behavior of
those variables is subject to general constraints, that are common to all
materials, not the peculiar properties of particular materials. These general
constraints are expressed in the four laws of thermodynamics.

Thermodynamics describes the bulk behavior of the body, not the

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