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the basis of oil refining for motor fuels, lubricants and a
number of valuable chemical compounds. The main
fractions obtained by direct distillation of oil:
1) gasoline fraction (from the beginning of boiling to 150-
0
205 C, depending on the purpose - the receipt of auto, air or
other special gasoline) contains a mixture of alkanes,
cycloalkanes, arenas C 5 - C 10;
2) the kerosene fraction (180-270 °C) contains hydrocarbons
C 10 - C 15, used as a component of motor fuels for jet and
diesel engines, as well as in household as a lighting gas;
3) gas-oil fraction (270-350 °С) contains hydrocarbons С 16 -
С 20, used as a component of diesel fuel, as well as as a raw
material for cracking;
4) fuel oil - an oil residue boiling above 320-350 °С. It can
be used as boiler fuel or for subsequent processing, or
cracking.
5) Gudron - almost solid residue after distillation from oil
fuel oil fractions. From it is this so-called residual oils and
bitumen are received.

Progress
Collect the plant for distillation (Figure 4.1). Pour a
measured measuring cylinder of 30 cubic centimeters crude
oil in a Wurtz flask of 100 cubic centimeters. In the flask
are placed "boiling", cover it with a crust with a
thermometer and connect with a refrigerator, to which
allonge and receiver are attached. The thermometer should
be placed so that the upper limit of the mercury ball is at the
level of the lower edge of the opening of the outlet.