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1. Tom used to play tennis a lot but now .................................................................
2. Ann never used to drink coffee but now .............................................................
3. Jill didn’t use to be fat but now ...........................................................................
4. Jack didn’t use to go out much but now ..............................................................

8. Ask the questions according to the example:

Example: I know he doesn’t smoke now but did he use to smoke ................... ?

1. I know he doesn’t play the piano now but ...................................................... ?
2. I know he isn’t very rich now but .................................................................... ?
3. I know he doesn’t go out very often these days but ....................................... ?
4. I know he doesn’t dance these days but ......................................................... ?
5. I know he hasn’t got many friends now but .................................................... ?

Lesson 11
WEB BASED GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS

1. Read and translate Text 11:

The World Wide Web has brought about major changes in the way Geographic
Information Systems (GIS) are used and in the way in which they are implemented. GIS were
dominated until the early 2000s by the creation of software technology and geographic data
resources dedicated to the needs of professional users of geoinformation. The typical GIS has
been an isolated collection of technology and data, purchased for and installed within the
confines of an individual organization. The Internet and the World Wide Web were rapidly
recognized to have the potential to transform this closed world view of GIS by, for example,
“dramatically increasing the applications of GIS through integration of mapping, GIS and
non-spatial information technologies to create new forms of representation and new ways to
address problems important to society”.
As a communication network the Web caters equally to the needs of commerce and
industry, and to individual members of the public, irrespective of their personal or work-based
affiliations. In the context of GIS these communication facilities are being exploited in several
ways. They serve to link together different organizations and parts of the same organization,
and also open access to geographic information services and functionality to a wide
community of users. GIS are growing therefore from their original organization and project-
based roles to meet people’s personal needs for geographically-specific information. In doing
so, they serve to increase awareness and participation in developments and activities at local
and regional levels. From its very beginnings the Web has incorporated spatial information,
with an early paper describing the concept of the World Wide Web including the “authors
coordinates” as examples of the information which might be served by the, then hypothetical,
World Wide Web.
The Web provides access both to text, and other “unstructured” media, and to
interactive services for retrieving specialized information or data from online databases. Many
types of information are geographically referenced and most services have a geographical
dimension, based either on the location of the service itself or on the user of the service. The
geographical dimensionality of information has therefore introduced a requirement for aspects